The Early DX of David F. Thomas

Dave Thomas at the dials of his vintage 1936-37 Sargent Model 21, 12-tube, general coverage receiver.

As time passes and technology advances, it becomes increasingly difficult to fully appreciate how different things were in broadcasting's infancy. It was a time of experimentation, both by station and listener. It was also the “first golden age” of long-distance listening, when the early “etheric obsessives,” as radio historian Susan Douglas called them, discovered the thrill of listening to as many of these new faraway voices as they could, thus giving birth to DXing. The uniqueness of those years makes looking back at the activities of a DX pioneer like Dave Thomas of Proctorville, Ohio all the more a treat. Dave was born in 1909, and started listening in 1924. His first receiver was an Atwater Kent Model 10. He listened for almost his entire life of 74 years, first from Ohio, and later from Florida, as well as on various trips abroad. He was an “allwave” DXer, listening on both mediumwave and shortwave, with a focus on broadcasting stations. He had an interest in eclipses and other phenomena of propagation, and also equipment. He was an inveterate correspondent, amassing a large collection of verifications. Thanks to the generosity his son, Paul Thomas, and a prodigious scanning effort by John Herkimer, we are able to present here some of the most interesting of Dave Thomas’s QSLs. Some are simple, some are decorative, but all echo a different time in radio’s history. At the bottom of this page are a number of receiver brochures collected by Dave Thomas during the 1920s and 1930s.
Broadcast Band QSLs \| Cuban QSLs \| Mexican QSLs \| Shortwave QSLs \| Early Receiver Literature
BROADCAST BAND QSLs OF THE 1920s
Below are Dave Thomas’s U.S. and Canadian QSLs dating from the 1920s (we have added a few from later years that caught our eye). There is a PDF file for each of 39 states, plus the District of Columbia and Canada. These QSLs evidence the wide variety of station ownership in those days: newspapers, schools and universities, companies of all kinds, chambers of commerce, churches, etc. Most of the replies to Dave’s reports are QSLs in the traditional sense, but there are also thank you’s, plus various station promotional items. Both the fronts and backs of the QSLs are shown, followed by the envelope if it was present. The QSLs appear in the PDFs in the order shown below. (Italicized items are from years after 1929.)
Canada CFCA, Toronto, ON, 1925 CFCF, Montreal, QC, 1925 CFRB, Toronto, ON, 1929 CHIC, Toronto, ON, 1925 CHNC, Toronto, ON, 1924 CHRC, Quebec, QC, 1932 CKAC, Montreal, QC, 1924 CKCH, Ottawa, ON, 1924 CKCL, Toronto, ON, 1925 CKNC, Toronto, ON, 1925 CKOC, Hamilton, ON, 1926 CNRA, Moncton, NB, 1925 CNRO, Ottawa, ON, 1924 Alabama WBRC, Birmingham, 1929 WMAV, Auburn, 1924 Arkansas KFMQ, Fayetteville, 1924 KGHI, Little Rock, 1929 KTHS, Hot Springs National Park, 1925 California KFRC, San Francisco, 1926 KFSD, San Diego, 1929 KFVD, San Pedro 1927 KFWB, Los Angeles, 1926 KGO, Oakland, 1925 KHJ, Los Angeles, 1929 KLS-6XAM, Oakland, 1925 KLX, Oakland, 1933 KNRC-KTM, Los Angeles-Santa Monica, 1929 KNX, Los Angeles, 1925 KNX, Los Angeles, 1929 KPO, San Francisco, 1925 KPSN, Pasadena, 1926 Colorado KFEL, Denver, 1924 KFXF, Colorado Springs, 1926 KLZ-9ZAF, Denver, 1927 KOA, Denver, 1925 KOA, Denver, 1925 KOA, Denver, 1926 Connecticut WDRC-WPAJ, New Haven, 1927 WTIC, Hartford, 1925 WTIC, Hartford, 1925 (verification stamp) WTIC, Hartford, 1929 District of Columbia WMAL, Washington, D.C., 1929 WRC, Washington, D.C., 1924 Florida WDBO, Orlando, 1928 WGHB, Clearwater, 1925 WGTO, Cypress Gardens, 1958 WIOD, Miami Beach, 1926 WIOD, Miami Beach, 1928 WJAX, Jacksonville, 1925 WMBF, Miami Beach, 1925 WSUN, St. Petersburg, 1928 Georgia WBBF, Atlanta, 1924 WGAU, Athens, 1939 WGOV, Valdosta, 1948 WMAZ, Macon, 1924 WSB, Atlanta, 1924 WSB, Atlanta, 1926 WTOC, Savannah, 1929 Illinois WBBM, Chicago, 1925 WBCN, Chicago, 1924 WBCN, Chicago, 1926 WCBD, Zion, 1924 WCBD, Zion, 1925 WCEE, Elgin, 1925 WCFL, Chicago, 1942 WDBY, Chicago, 1924 WEBH, Chicago, 1924 WENR, Chicago, 1925 WGES, Chicago, 1925 WHBF, Rock Island, 1927 WHBM, East St. Louis, 1927 WHT, Chicago, 1925 WIBD, Chicago, 1925 WJAZ, Chicago, 1925 WJBC, Bloomington, 1939 WJBL, Decatur, 1925 WJBT, Chicago, 1928 WJJD, Mooseheart, 1924 WLS, Chicago, 1924 WLS, Chicago, 1925 WMAQ, Chicago, 1925 WMBB, Chicago, 1925 WMBB, Chicago, 1927 WMBD, Peoria, 1929 WOK, Chicago, 1925 WORD, Chicago, 1925 WRM, Urbana, 1925 WSBC, Chicago, 1925 WTAS, Elgin, 1924 WTAY, Oak Park, 1924 WWAE, Joliet, 1924 Indiana WBAA-9XE, Lafayette, 1925 WFBM, Indianapolis, 1925 WGAZ, South Bend, 1925 WGBF, Evansville, 1928 WHBU, Anderson, 1930 WJAK, Greentown, 1925 WJKS, Gary, 1929 WOWO, Fort Wayne, 1927 WRBC, Valparaiso, 1925 WRBC, Valparaiso, 1925 Iowa KFFV, Lamont, 1925 KFLZ, Atlantic, 1925 KFNF, Shenandoah, 1924 KMA, Shenandoah, 1925 KOIL, Council Bluffs, 1925 KSO, Clarinda, 1925 KTNT, Muscatine KWCR, Cedar Rapids WEAU, Sioux City, 1924 WHAA, Iowa City, 1924 WHO, Des Moines, 1925 WIAS, Burlington, 1925 WIAS, Burlington, 1925 WJAM, Cedar Rapids, 1925 WOC, Davenport, 1935 WOI, Ames, 1924 WSUI, Iowa City, 1931 Kansas KFH, Wichita, 1926 KFKB, Milford, 1924 KFKB, Milford KFKU, Lawrence, 1925 WIBW, Topeka, 1940 Kentucky WFIW, Hopkinsville, 1928 WHAS, Louisville, 1925 Louisiana KWKH, Shreveport, 1925 WGAQ, Shreveport, 1924 WJBO, Baton Rouge, 1944 WSMB, New Orleans, 1925 WWL, New Orleans, 1925 Maine WAGM, Presque Isle, 1932 WGHM, Skowhegan, 1961 Maryland WBAL, Baltimore, 1926 WFBR, Baltimore, 1928 WFMD, Frederick, 1935 Massachusetts WBZ, Springfield, 1924 WDBR, Boston, 1924 WEEI, Boston, 1924 WGI, West Somerville, 1924 WTAB, Fall River, 1924 WTAB, Fall River, 1925 WTAG, Worcester, 1925 Michigan KFGZ, Berrien Springs, 1924 KOP, Detroit, 1924 WAFD, Port Huron, 1925 WBDC, Grand Rapids, 1925 WCX, Detroit, 1925 WEBK, Grand Rapids, 1925 WEMC, Berrien Springs, 1925 WGHP, Detroit, 1925 WKAR, East Lansing, 1925 WRAX, Escanaba, 1925 WREO, Lansing, 1924 WREO, Lansing, 1924 WSKC, Bay City, 1925 WTCM, Traverse City, 1941 WWI, Dearborn, 1925 WWJ, Detroit, 1925 WWJ, Detroit, 1925 Minnesota KFMX, Northfield, 1925 KSTP, St. Paul, 1928 WCAL, Northfield, 1924 WCCO, Minneapolis, 1924 WEBC, Duluth, 1931		Mississippi KFNG, Coldwater, 1924 KFNG, Coldwater, 1924 Missouri KFIX, Independence, 1924 KFQA, St. Louis, 1924 KFUO, St. Louis, 1925 KFWF, St. Louis, 1925 KGBX, St. Joseph, 1932 KLDS, Independence, 1925 KMBC, Kansas City, 1929 KMOX, St. Louis, 1925 WDAF, Kansas City, 1925 WEB, St. Louis, 1924 WIBM, Springfield, 1927 WIL, St. Louis, 1928 WMAY, St. Louis, 1924 WOQ, Kansas City, 1925 WOS, Jefferson City, 1924 Nebraska KFAB, Lincoln, 1925 KFAB, Lincoln, 1925 KFKX, Hastings KFKX, Hastings KFKX, Hastings KGKY, Scottsbluff, 1931 WAAW, Omaha, 1925 WOAW, Omaha, 1925 New Hampshire WFBK, Hanover, 1925 New Jersey WAAM, Newark, 1924 WBS, Newark, 1925 WEAM, Plainfield, 1925 WGCP, Newark, 1928 WHAR, Atlantic City, 1925 WNJ, Newark, 1928 WOAX, Trenton, 1925 WPG, Atlantic City, 1925 WRAX, Gloucester City, 1925 New Mexico KGGM, Albuquerque, 1930 KICA, Clovis, 1944 New York WAHG, Richmond Hill (L.I.), 1924 WBBR, Brooklyn, 1925 WCAD, Canton, 1924 WEAF, New York, 1924 WEBJ, New York, 1924 WFBH, New York, 1925 WFBL, Syracuse, 1924 WFBL, Syracuse, 1947 WGBS, New York, 1925 WGR, Buffalo WGY, Schenectady, 1925 WHAM, Rochester, 1924 WHAP, New York, 1929 WHAZ, Troy, 1924 WHN, New York, 1924 WIBX, Utica, 1926 WJY, New York, 1925 WJZ, New York, 1924 WJZ, New York, 1925 WJZ-2XAR, New York, 1925 WLBX, Long Island City, 1928 WLTH, Brooklyn, 1929 WLWL, New York, 1925 WMAK, Lockport, 1925 WMCA-2XH, New York, 1925 WOCL, Jamestown, 1925 WRW-2XL, Tarrytown, 1924 North Carolina WBT, Charlotte, 1925 WMMH, Marshall, 1961 WNRC, Greensboro, 1929 WRCS, Ahoskie, 1956 WWNC, Asheville, 1929 Ohio WADC, Akron, 1926 WAIU, Columbus, 1925 WAIU, Columbus, 1926 WBAV, Columbus, 1924 WBAV, Columbus, 1925 WBLY, Springfield, 1958 WCAH, Columbus, 1929 WEAO, Columbus, 1924 WEAO, Columbus, 1925 WEAR, Cleveland, 1925 WEAR, Cleveland, 1925 WFBE, Cincinnati WFJC, Akron, 1929 WHK, Cleveland, 1924 WJAX, Cleveland, 1924 WKRC, Cincinnati, 1925 WLOK, Lima, 1939 WMAN, Columbus, 1924 WMH, Cincinnati, 1924 WPAL, Columbus, 1924 WRAV, Yellow Springs, 1924 WSAI, Cincinnati, 1924 WSAI, Cincinnati, 1924 WSAZ, Pomeroy, 1925 WSMK, Dayton, 1925 WSPD, Toledo, 1929 WSRO, Hamilton, 1925 WTAM, Cleveland, 1924 WTAM, Cleveland, 1925 Oklahoma KFJF, Oklahoma City, 1925 KFJF, Oklahoma City, 1925 KFRU, Bristow, 1925 WKY, Oklahoma City, 1924 WNAD, Norman, 1925 WNAD, Norman, 1925 Oregon KOIN, Portland, 1931 Pennsylvania KDKA, Pittsburgh, 1924 KDKA, Pittsburgh, 1925 KDKA, Pittsburgh, 1926 KQV, Pittsburgh, 1924 WBAK, Harrisburg, 1924 WCAE, Pittsburgh, 1925 WCAU, Philadelphia, 1924 WCAU, Philadelphia, 1925 WDAR, Philadelphia, 1924 WEDH, Erie, 1932 WFBG, Altoona, 1924 WFBG, Altoona, 1925 WFBG, Altoona, 1925 WFBG, Altoona, 1926 WFI, Philadelphia, 1925 WHBP, Johnstown, 1925 WHBP, Johnstown, 1925 WIAD, Philadelphia, 1924 WIP, Philadelphia, 1924 WJAS, Pittsburgh, 1924 WKBI, St. Marys, 1953 WKJC, Lancaster, 1931 WLBW, Oil City, 1928 WNAT, Philadelphia, 1924 WPAB, State College, 1924 WPEN, Philadelphia, 1929 WPME, Punxsutawney, 1953 WRAK, Williamsport, 1931 WRAW, Reading, 1931 WWAD, Philadelphia, 1924 Rhode Island WDWF, Providence, 1925 WEAN, Providence WJAR, Providence, 1924 WKBF, Providence, 1924 South Carolina WIS, Columbia, 1930 WSAC, Clemmson College, 1924 Tennessee WDAD, Nashville, 1927 WFBC, Knoxville, 1924 WLAC, Nashville, 1928 WLAC, Nashville, 1944 WNOX, Knoxville, 1930 WOAN, Lawrenceburg, 1925 WSM, Nashville, 1925 WTNT, Nashville, 1929 Texas KFDM, Beaumont, 1925 KPRC, Houston, 1925 KRLD, Dallas, 1927 KSAT-KTAT, Fort Worth, 1929 WBAP, Fort Worth, 1925 WJAD, Waco, 1925 WOAI, San Antonio, 1925 WRR, Dallas, 1924 Utah KDYL, Salt Lake City, 1931 Virginia WDBJ, Roanoke, 1929 WRVA, Richmond, 1925 WTAR, Norfolk, 1924 Washington KHQ, Spokane, 1931 KTW, Seattle, 1925 KWSC, Pullman, 1931 West Virginia WMMN, Fairmont, 1929 WOBU, Charleston, 1928 WWVA, Wheeling, 1928 Wisconsin KFIZ, Fond du Lac, 1924 WEBW, Beloit, 1924 WHAD, Milwaukee, 1925 WLBL, Stevens Point, 1925 WOMT, Manitowoc, 1928 WSOE, Milwaukee, 1925 WTAQ, Osseo, 1925 WTMJ, Milwaukee, 1928

CUBAN BROADCAST BAND QSLs, 1926-1955 (Italicized entries are QSLs for DX broadcasts of some kind.)
1926-1935 6KW, Tuinucu, 1926 CMC, Cuban Telephone Co., Havana, 1930 CMK, Cuban Broadcasting Corp., Havana, 1930 CMCY, M. D. Autran, Havana, 1931 CMHC, Frank H. Jones, Havana, 1931 CMQ, Havana, 1931 CMX, Casa Lavin, Havana, 1931 CMAF, Havana, 1932 CMBG, Estaciónes Radio Transmisoras, Havana, 1932 CMCD, Estación Popular Cubana, Havana, 1932 CMCF, Raoul Karman, Havana, 1932 CMCJ, Havana, 1932 CMCU, Havana, 1932 CMJK, La Voz de “El Camagüeyano,” Havana, 1933 CMGH, Matanzas, 1934 CMJP, La Voz de Morón, Morón, 1934 CMOX, Havana, 1934 CMPN, Cuban National Police Headquarters, Havana, 1934 CMBX, Havana, 1935 CMCD, La Voz del Aire, Havana, 1935 CMCG, “La Balear,” Havana, 1935 CMHI, Laviz & Paz, Santa Clara, 1935 CMHX, La Casa Radio Electrica, Cienfuegos, 1935 CMJO, La Voz de Ciego de Avila, Ciego de Avila, 1935 CMKC, Santiago de Cuba, 1935		1936-1955 CMCB, Happy Joe-Suaritos Radio Chain, Havana, 1936 CMHA, La Voz del Undoso, Sagua la Grande, 1936 CMBX, Alberto Alvarez, Havana, 1937 CMCJ, Club de Turismo de Cuba, Havana, 1937 CMCR, Perfumería Traviata, Havana, 1937 CMHJ, Cienfuegos, 1937 CMHJ, Cienfuegos, 1937 CMBF, Compañía Cubana de Radio y Televisión, Havana, 1938 CMBY, Havana, 1938 CMGE, Cárdenas, 1939 CMJW, Camaguey, 1939 CMKM, Manzanillo, 1939 CMBZ, Radio Salas, Havana, 1940 CMQ, Circuito CMQ, Havana, 1944 CMKY, Puerto Padre, 1946 CMHB, La Voz del Yayabo, Sancti-Spiritus, 1948 CMCB, Radio Reloj, Havana, 1951 WGBY, Armed Forces Radio Service, U.S. Naval Operating Base, Guantanamo Bay, 1952 CMW, Radio Reporter, Havana, 1954 CMKG, Radio Tunas, Victoria de las Tunas, 1955

MEXICAN BROADCAST BAND QSLs, 1931-1973 (Italicized entries are QSLs for DX broadcasts of some kind.)
1931-1935 XEQ, Eagle Radio Broadcasting Companies, Inc., El Paso, Texas, 1931 XEW, The Voice of Latin America, Mexicoi City, 1931 XEJ, La Voz de la Frontera, Cd. Juarez, 1932 XEAW, International Broadcasting Co., Reynosa, 1933 XEFO, Mexico City, 1933 XEFO, Radio Nacional, Mexico City [year unclear] XEFV, Voice of the North, Cd. Juarez, 1933 XEAF, Compañia Radiodifusora Sonorense, Nogales, 1934 XEBC, The Agua Caliente Broadcasting Station, Tijuana, 1934 XEAC, The Agua Caliente Station, Tijuana [year unclear] XECR, Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores, Mexico City, 1935 XEE, The Voice of Durango, Durango, 1935 XEFE, La Voz de la Frontera, Nuevo Laredo, 1935 XEFI, Chihuahua, 1935 XETH, La Voz de Puebla, Puebla, 1935 XFX, Secretaria de Educacion Pubica, Mexico City, 1935 1936-1945 XEAQ, Rosarito, 1936 XEFB, Monterrey, 1936 XEFW, La Voz de Tampico, Tampico, 1936 XEPN, La Voz del Hemisferio Occidental, Piedras Negras, 1936 XEPN, Piedras Negras [year unclear] XEBK, La Voz Indolatina, Nuevo Laredo, 1937 XEP, La Voz Panamericana, Cd. Juarez, 1937 XETB, El Heraldo de Torreon, Torreon, 1937 XEU, El Eco de Sotavento, Veracruz, 1937 XEKL, Leon, 1938 XERB, Radiodifusora Internacional, Rosarito, 1938 XEFC, The Voice of Yucatan, Merida, 1939 XEAG, La Voz de Cordoba, Cordoba, 1940 XEBW, La Voz de la Industria y del Comercio, Chihuahua, 1940 XENT, Nuevo Laredo, 1940 XEZ, Merida, 1940 XEF, La Voz Latino Americana, Cd. Juarez, 1941 XEH, Monterrey, 1941 XEDF, Nuevo Laredo, 1944 XESM, Mexico City, 1944 XEX, Heraldo del Comercio, Monterrey, 1944 XEAW, Heraldo del Comercio, Monterrey, 1945 XEJP, Mexico City, 1945 XELZ, Mexico City, 1945 XERC, Radio Popular de Mexico, Mexico City, 1945		1946-1955 XEFI, El Pregonero del Estado de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, 1946 XEMO, Tijuana, 1946 XET, El Pregonero del Norte, Monterrey, 1946 XELO, Cd. Juarez, 1947 XERF, Villa Acuña, 1947 XEG, Monterrey, 1950 XEG, Monterrey [year unclear] XERJ, Mazatlan, 1951 XEAA, Radio America, Mexicali, 1952 XEAA, Mexicali [year unclear] XEDM, Radio Pacifico, Hermosillo, 1952 XEBH, El Heraldo de Sonora, Hermosillo, 1953 XEXO, Nuevo Laredo, 1953 XECL, Radio Mexicali, Mexicali, 1955 XEDF, El Pregonero del Bravo, Nuevo Laredo, 1955 1956-1973 XEBN, Radio Delicias, Cd. Delicias, 1956 XETM, Naco, 1956 XEAK, The Mighty 690, San Francisco, CA, 1957 XEHJ, Radio 760, Guadalajara, 1957 XEKF, Radiodifusora Independiente, Iguala, 1957 XELK, Radio Zacatecas, Zacatecas, 1957 XEN, Mexico City, 1957 XEPK, Pachuca, 1957 XEXQ, San Luis Potosi, 1961 XEYC, La Voz de Juarez, Cd. Juarez, 1962 XEPRS, Tijuana, 1973 Year and/or location uncertain XED, Voice of Two Republics, International Broadcasting Co., Reynosa XEFJ XER, Villa Acuña Broadcasting Co., Inc., Villa Acuña, Mexico XES, Difusora Porteña, Tampico

SELECTED SHORTWAVE BROADCAST QSLs et al. (plus, in italics, a few mediumwavers and utilities)
North America W9XAM, Elgin National Watch Co., Elgin, IL, 1937 (utility) WSBN, SS Leviathan, Radiomarine Corp. of America, postmarked Flushing, New York, 1930 Notes: W9XAM. Elgin manufactured watches in the United States from 1867 to 1968, so it is no surprise that at one time, in the mid-1930s, they operated a time signal station. Time signals were also broadcast from naval stations NAA in Arlington, Virginia, and NSS in Annapolis, Maryland. – SS Leviathan. A transmission from this ship on November 30, 1930 was billed at the time as the first program from a sea-going ship. Per the U.S. government station list of June 30, 1931, the call letters of the Leviathan’s radio were WSBN. For more on the “first broadcast,” see “SS Leviathan” at ontheshortwaves.com. Central & South America and the Caribbean HJ1ABB, La Voz de Barranquilla, Barranquilla, 1933 HJ1ABE, La Voz de “Los Laboratorios Fuentes,” Cartagena, Colombia, 1934 HJ4ABC, Ecos del Combeima, Ibague, Colombia, 1935 HJ4ABE, Medellin, Colombia, 1934 HKV, Bogota, Colombia (military station) HKA, La Voz de Colombia, Barranquilla, Colombia, 1932 NRH, Heredia, Costa Rica, 1930 HUB, Direccion General de Comunicaciones Electricas, San Salvador, El Salvador, 1941 HRB, Voice of the Tropics, Tegucigalpa, Honduras, 1931 VP2LO, Caribbean Broadcasting Service, St. Kitts, British West Indies, 1938 Europe ZAA, Radio Tirana, Tirana, Albania, 1940 Radio Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France, 1934 (mediumwave) Lopik Radio, Lopik, Netherlands, 1948 (mediumwave) Research Laboratories for Electrical Communication of the Royal Hungarian Post, Budapest, Hungary, 1934 EIAR, 1RO-2RO, Rome, Italy, 1932 SPW-SP25-SP19-SPD-SPW, Polskie Radio Warsaw, Warsaw, 1938 CT1CT, Estação Radio Eddystone, Lisbon, Portugal, 1934 Note: CT1CT was an “amateur broadcaster,” active from Portugal for a brief time in shortwave’s early days. It is believed to have been the country’s first shortwave broadcaster.		Africa Radio Algeria, Algiers, Algeria, 1941 EAJ43, Radio Club Tenerife, Canary Islands, 1937 OPM, Leopoldville, Belgian Congo, 1936 Radio Brazzaville, Brazzaville, French Equatorial Africa, 1941 EIAR, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 1940 ETB, Imperial Ethiopian Radio Station, Addis Ababa, 1935 (utility) Mauritius Broadcasting Service, Forest Side, Mauritius, 1950 Radio Maroc, Rabat, Morocco, 1931 CR7BH, Grémio dos Radiófilos da Colónia de Moçambique, Lourenço Marques, Mozambique, 1936 Nigerian Broadcasting Service, Lagos, Nigeria, 1954 African Broadcasting Co., Ltd., Johannesburg, 1932 Notes: OPM operated on 10,140 kHz. It was a commercial traffic station, but occasionally carried broadcast programming. – The signer of the letter from Radio Brazzaville, F. (François) Desjardins, together with his brother, Pierre, were the founders of the station. They were officers in the Free French Forces. – The EIAR QSL-card for Ethiopia is similar to the card used for EIAR broadcasts from Italy, but contains the printed “Station of Addis Abeba.” Ethiopia was under Italian rule from 1936 to 1941. – Grémio dos Radiófilos da Colónia de Moçambique was the name of the station that later became Rádio Clube de Moçambique. This QSL is from 1937. – The Box 4559, Johannesburg address on the 1932 letter from the African Broadcasting Co., Ltd. was used by Radio RSA until around 1991. Asia & The Middle East Radio Levant, Beyrouth, Lebanon, 1945 Radio Mecca, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, 1957 Syrian PTT, Damascus, Syria, 1948 MTCY, Voice of Manchukuo, Hsinking Central Broadcasting Station, Hsinking, Manchuria Radio Sarawak, Kuching, Sarawak, 1960 HS8PJ, Experimental Radio Broadcasting Station, Bangkok, Thailand, 1936 Radio Casting Office, Khabarovsk, USSR, 1931 Oceania VK6ME, Perth Australia PLV, Malabar Station, Bandoeng (Java), Indonesia, 1934 (utility) Radio Indonesia, Makassar (Celebes), Indonesia, 1949 YCN3, Pontianak (Borneo), Indonesia, 1949

EARLY RECEIVER LITERATURE
During the 1920s and 1930s, Dave kept an eye on the receiver scene. Here is some of the material he collected from manufacturers. Note: Early receivers were often sold less tubes, batteries or power packs, and loudspeakers.
Atwater Kent (Philadelphia, PA) Brochure I: Model 9, Model 10, Model 20 Brochure II: Model 9, Model 10, Model 12, Model 19, Model 20, Deluxe Model, 1923-1926, $65-120 For more information: Ralph Williams & John P. Wolkonowicz, A. Atwater Kent–The Man, the Manufacturer and His Radios (Chandler, AZ: Sonoran Publ. Co., 2002); and Atwater Kent Radio Hammarlund (New York, NY) Super Pro, “ASP” Series, appears to be a military version of the SP-200, 1939-1945, $450-500. For more information: Western Historic Radio Museum Hawk (Hutchins & Sillick, Toronto, ON; later Mercury Radio Co., Toronto) Short Wave Hawk Kit, 2-, 3- and 4-tube models, circa 1932, $29.75-$59.65 Note: Illustration in the brochure is of the kit’s tuner component only.		Mercury (H. M. Kipp Co., Ltd., Toronto, ON; later, Hutchins & Sillick, Toronto; still later, Mercury Radio Co., Toronto) Super Ten, 1925-30, $195 Brochure I Brochure II Miracle Around-the-World All-Wave Radio, c. 1932 (includes testimonial letter from Dave Thomas) Mercury Around-the-World All-Wave Radio, c. 1933-35 (cites world-record reception by an unnamed owner in Ohio) Mercury Deluxe Series Radio, c. 1933-35, $107-$245 Mercury Deluxe All-Wave Radio, c. 1933-35, $232.50-262.50 National (Malden, MA) NC5 5-tube Shortwave Converter, 1932, $75-$85 Norden-Hauck (Philadelphia, PA) Admiralty Super 10, 1929, $350-450 Sargent (Oakland, CA) Model 11, 1936-37, $46-$84 Model 21, 1936-37, $124-$138