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"Wavescan" is a weekly program for long distance radio hobbyists produced by Dr. Adrian M. Peterson, Coordinator of International Relations for Adventist World Radio. AWR carries the program over many of its stations (including shortwave). Adrian Peterson is a highly regarded DXer and radio historian, and often includes features on radio history in his program. We are reproducing those features below, with Dr. Peterson's permission and assistance.
Wavescan, December 4, 2011
Radio is the Real King of the Castle! The Koenigsberg-Kaliningrad Story
One of the great landmarks in the city of Koenigsberg for more than 700 years was its grand Castle. Construction of this monumental edifice began during the year 1257, soon after the city was founded by its early Prussian ancestors. Over the centuries, Koenigsberg Castle was enlarged and beautified, and it became the pride and honor of the city's inhabitants.
During the year 1944, the city of Koenigsberg and its grand Castle were largely destroyed in aerial bombardment, and the last standing ruins were completely blown up 24 years later to make way for the modernization of the city. Today, all that is known about this once famous Castle is what is told about it in various forms of historical documentation.
The city itself was founded two years earlier than the Castle, in the year 1255. It became an important German city on the edge of the Baltic Sea, and it was at one stage the capital for the German state of Prussia. The city was taken over by the USSR on April 9, 1945, and during the following year, the name of the city was Russianized from the German Koenigsberg into Kaliningrad.
The surrounding territory, also known in earlier times as Koenigsberg, became the Kaliningrad Oblast, a province in the Russian Empire. However, in 1991, when several of the Russian states became independent, this left Kaliningrad separated from the mother country by more than 200 miles, with three or four independent countries in between.
Thus, Kaliningrad is described these days as a Russian exclave; that is, Kaliningrad is recognized as an integral part of Russia, though it is separated geographically from the main territory of Russia itself.
A major radio broadcasting station was established in Koenigsberg back more than half a century ago, a radio station that rivaled the Castle in importance. So, here in Wavescan today, this is the story of wireless and radio in Koenigsberg and Kaliningrad.
Back almost 100 years ago, a wireless communication station was established in old Koenigsberg, and this was identified on air in the German version of Morse Code with the two letters KO, remembering that there was an umlaut, 2 dots, over the letter O.
On June 14, 1924, the first radio broadcasting service was officially inaugurated in Koenigsberg, with 1.5 kW on 462 metres, 650 kHz. This service was identified, not by callsign letters, but as Ostmarken Rundfunk. Because the city was important, so also was the radio station; and over the years, this grew in size, in programming and in equipment.
A second program channel was implemented in the early 1930s; and a 100 kW mediumwave transmitter was installed in 1937 for broadcast on 1031 kHz. At this stage, the 2nd channel was on the air with 2 kW on 1348 kHz. With the commencement of open hostilities in continental Europe in September 1939, it was stated that "a powerful broadcasting station was already on the air in Koenigsberg".
During the following year, 1940, a new radio program was inaugurated over the main broadcasting system in Berlin; and in English, it was known as the "Radio Koenigsberg Program", a nationwide broadcast indicating the national unity of the German territories. Soon afterwards, the production of this national program was transferred to the studios in Koenigsberg itself; and then in 1944, this program was transferred to Oslo in Norway.
In 1946, Koenigsberg Radio, or more accurately, Kaliningrad Radio now that the territory was part of the USSR, was listed with just 2.5 kW on mediumwave 959 kHz. During the following year, the administration of Kaliningrad Radio was transferred from Kaliningrad itself to the major radio station located in Leningrad. Kaliningrad thus became simply an authorized relay station for Russian programming from the Russian motherland, with the mediumwave transmitter identified in Russian documents as RV129.
In 1953, a 135 kW Hungarian made mediumwave transmitter was installed at Kaliningrad and this was inaugurated on 1386 kHz as transmitter RV143. Eleven years later, a Tesla mediumwave transmitter was installed as RV 144. Interestingly, at this stage, the transmitters were physically located south of Kaliningrad city, though they were officially listed as Kaunus in Lithuania, some distance further north.
Then, in December 1974, a 2.5 megawatt mediumwave transmitter was installed at what became a huge new transmitter site south of Sovetsk. This unit was described as the word's most powerful mediumwave transmitter, made by Taifun, and it was heard on either 1116 or 1386 kHz.
At the same time, two Tesla shortwave transmitters at 20 kW were also installed at this new location. Soon afterwards, additional high powered shortwave transmitters were also installed at this location, rated at 50, 100 and 250 kW. These units were in use as a relay facility for Radio Moscow programming, and also for jamming purposes.
When political circumstances in Europe changed and Russia dropped the jamming of incoming shortwave broadcasts, it is reported that a total of 30 jamming transmitters were removed from the Kaliningrad facility for installation at other locations throughout their country. It would be presumed that these transmitters were installed at their new locations for communication and broadcast usage.
During the year 1993, a tourist visited the massive Kaliningrad radio station, and he stated that the station is located a little north of the town of Bolshakovo. He described the massive mediumwave antenna system with three beams, each consisting of two parallel rows of four towers, each 850 feet tall. There was also a tall longwave tower, and a bevy of diamond shaped shortwave rhombic antennas.
In early 2006, this Kaliningrad radio station left the air on shortwave; and two years later, the mediumwave transmissions also left the air.
However, beginning in February 1995, international radio monitors noted the Kaliningrad station on air with the relay of programming from other international broadcasting stations on numerous occasions. In addition to the regular relay of programming from Radio Moscow, Radio Netherlands from Hilversum in Holland was noted first, with many others subsequently, including United Christian Broadcasters, BBC London, ABC Denmark, Voice of the Mediterranean, and lots of others as well.
These days, Kaliningrad radio at the Bolshakovo transmitter site is listed as follows:
Numerous QSL cards from many organizations are known for the longwave, mediumwave and shortwave broadcasts via the Kaliningrad transmitters, including a picture card from Radio Netherlands showing the Kaliningrad facility.
Koenigsberg was noted for its grand Castle as an ancient landmark; and yes, in more recent time, another significant landmark was the massive radio station in Kaliningrad, verily one of the world's largest.
Radio Panorama RP13: Early Music Transmissions - 1: Found at Last! The World's 1st Reception Report!
This has to be it! The world's first reception report! A reception report that was written down from an unexpected wireless transmission heard back 134 years ago, and the details were also published in local newspapers at the time. This is the story.
More than 130 years ago, the noted Alexander Graham Bell ran his first telephone line from New York City to Boston, and on April 2, 1877, the first voice message was sent along this line. Soon afterwards, telephone and telegraph operators began to notice cross-talk between nearby lines, in Morse Code and subsequently in voice.
It should be remembered also that three months after this first message was transmitted between New York and Boston, the original Bell Telephone Co. was organized to develop their new telephone system throughout the United States. Even the telephone itself was still very new at the time.
At another location, though still in New York state, Mr. Charles Rathbone was a member of a prominent business family that supported the Dudley Observatory in Albany, New York, an observatory that now forms a part of Union University. The Rathbone family had installed their own private telephone line running from their family home to the observatory.
During the evening of Tuesday August 28, 1877, when the invention of the telephone was still less than five months old, Charles Rathbone was startled to hear music, vocal music, coming through his telephone system. Initially, he thought that the music must be coming from a vocal group at the nearby observatory, but, as he quickly discovered, this was not the case.
Charles Rathbone made a list of the pieces of music he heard, and he sent this list to the local newspapers, giving all of the details of what he heard and the conditions under which this music concert was observed. This reception report was published in the local newspapers. As a result of this publicity, it was discovered that an experimental concert had been transmitted over a telegraph wire running between New York and Saratoga Springs.
A few days later, another musical concert in Troy was transmitted over another telephone circuit, this time running from Troy to Albany. Again, this music program was observed on another nearby telephone system. Later, during that same evening, music was placed into the telephone circuit running from New York to Albany, and cross-talk programming was heard on another nearby telephone circuit.
According to the contemporary reports, music programs were heard as cross-talk programming on six separate occasions between August 28 and September 11, in the year 1877. Mr. Charles Rathbone heard all six of the programs, and in addition, two other independent observers living in Providence, Rhode Island, heard the same programming on their telephone systems on five of these six occasions.
One of the observers in Providence was Dr. Channing, and he published his observations of these music transmissions. During these events, it was discovered, music concerts were given in the Western Union Office in New York City for the benefit of telephone listeners in Saratoga, Troy and Albany.
A current map of the entire area shows that all five cities - New York, Albany, Troy, Saratoga Springs and Providence - are all spread over an area well over 100 miles wide, and all of the telephone systems were not interconnected at the time of these music transmissions. So the question remains: How did the music programs transfer from one telephone system to another?
An investigation into the circumstances at the time indicate that some of the telephone systems involved in these experiments did share a nearby grounding. However, for those circuits without a nearby grounding, it was discovered that the different telephone systems shared the same telephone poles for distances running up to many miles.
Thus these cross-transmissions were by what is called induction, rather similar to the transfer of electricity in a power transformer from one winding to another. Truly, this first reception report of a music concert from one telephone system to another was by wireless transmission, though not by radio as we understand it today. The reception report of this wireless transmission by induction was published in local newspapers at the time, and that was way back 134 years ago, in the year 1837.